lundi 1 décembre 2008

Le père Goriot, Honoré de Balzac, Paris, le 1er décembre 2008

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Le Père Goriot ouvre le premier tome de l’intégrale de la Comédie humaine, vendue avec le Monde pendant 21 semaines consécutives par livraison hebdomadaire de 500 pages. C’est un bon produit d’appel ! Enfin pas le père Goriot lui-même, dont les lamentations sur ses deux ingrates de filles (Delphine, Baronne de Nucingen, et Anastasie, Comtesse de Restaud) agacent rapidement et finissent à la limite du supportable, si bien que le lecteur est soulagé quand il agonise enfin. Tout le reste est extraordinairement réussi, l’ambiance des dîners populaires à la maison Vauquer (où tous les mots finissent en « rama »), l’élégance des grandes dames du monde (dont la Comtesse de Beauséant est l’archétype), la gaucherie progressivement déniaisée d’Eugène de Rastignac, l’espoir provincial de sa famille, l’incarnation puissante de la révolte sociale dans Vautrin – Trompe la mort, la bonté amicale de l’apprenti médecin Bianchon, la grotesque radinerie de la Veuve Vauquer. Maîtrisant à la perfection la posture de chacun de ses personnages, Balzac, du haut de ses 36 ans, donne l’impression d’avoir tout vécu et tout éprouvé, l’ingratitude des enfants, la rage du provincial arrivant à Paris pour « parvenir », la belle société, le fond du pavé. Dès lors il peut raconter ce qu’il veut et enfiler les péripéties à sa guise, le récit est captivant. Seules quelques déclamations emphatiques traînent un peu en longueur. Les notes en bas de page sont spirituelles et très instructives : la plupart signalent des anachronismes (Balzac situe l’action en 1819 et ne cesse de mentionner des pièces de théâtre, des lieux, des faits-divers ou politiques postérieurs à cette année) et un certain nombre explicitent un néologisme en signalant qu’il a sans doute été inventé par Balzac. C’est ce dilettantisme tout détendu qui fait son charme. D’ailleurs l’écriture pour brillante qu’elle soit est loin d’être irréprochable.

Balzac démarre son livre en racontant raconter et incise quelques commentaires personnels de temps à autre sur la psychologie des personnages ou le rôle qu’aura tel ou tel événement dans sa vie future. Tout démarre à la maison Vauquer, rue neuve Sainte Geneviève (comme cela a été dit mille fois, Paris la puante et la magnifique est un personnage à part entière de la Comédie humaine, en tout cas de ce roman), dont on passe en revue un à un les sinistres pensionnaires, au nombre desquels sont Vautrin, le père Goriot et Eugène de Rastignac. Celui-ci, étudiant en droit à Paris depuis un an, commence peu à peu à gagner en ambition. Par l’entremise d’une lointaine cousine très en vue à Paris, la comtesse de Beauséant, il se rend compte que le père Goriot est le père de deux beautés parisiennes bien mariées : Goriot est en fait un riche négociant en grain qui a mis toute sa fortune dans la dot de ses filles et qui presque renié par elles s’est retiré à la maison Vauquer en soldant progressivement ses derniers avoirs pour répondre à leurs sollicitations régulières. Tricard chez les Restaud pour avoir imprudemment signalé qu’il était voisin de palier avec le père de la comtesse, Rastignac jette son dévolu sur Delphine avec l’aide de Goriot, ce qui contrarie les plans de Vautrin, qui voudrait voir Rastignac courtiser Victorine Taillefer, fille naturelle négligée par son millionnaire de père qui n’a d’autre enfant qu’un fils que Vautrin se fait fort de faire assassiner… Après quarante-trois aventures et rebondissements, dont l’arrestation de Vautrin trahi par la fourbissime et minablissime Mademoiselle Michonneau toujours flanquée de son pathétique Poiret, Rastignac enterre seul le père Goriat à Saint-Etienne-du-Mont et contemplant Paris depuis le cimetière, lance le fameux : « A nous deux maintenant ». Rastignac, tout travaillé qu’il est par son ambition, est loin de sa caricature sombre et amorale. C’est un vrai héros positif dans une société salissante, dont on se demande avec passion de quel côté il va tomber. Vite la suite…

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